Chemical Methods
Chemical methods of dechlorinating water are faster than passive methods. Water system operators may use sulfur compounds to dechlorinate water. However, to properly neutralize chlorinated water, operators need both caution and experience when using sulfur-based chemicals (Hill 2003). Sulfur-based chemicals are oxygen scavengers that will lower the dissolved oxygen in the receiving lake or stream, and some sulfur compounds are hazardous chemicals. At least two studies suggest that chlorinated and sulfonated water (sulfur-based dechlorination) poses a hazard to some sensitive aquatic species (Hall and others 1982; Rein and others 1992).

VITAMIN C DECHLORINATION
Vitamin C is a newer chemical method for neutralizing chlorine. Two forms of vitamin C, ascorbic acid and sodium ascorbate, will neutralize chlorine. Neither is considered a hazardous chemical. First, vitamin C does not lower the dissolved oxygen as much as sulfur-based chemicals do. Second, vitamin C is not toxic to aquatic life at the levels used for dechlorinating water. Although ascorbic acid is mildly acidic and, in large doses, will lower the pH of the treated water, sodium ascorbate is neutral and will not affect the pH of the treated water or the receiving stream. Both forms of vitamin C are stable, with a shelf life of at least 1 year in a dry form if kept in a cool, dark place. Once it is placed in solution, however, vitamin C degrades in a day or two.

Ascorbic Acid
One gram of ascorbic acid will neutralize 1 milligram per liter of chlorine per 100 gallons of water. The reaction is very fast. The chemical reaction (Tikkanen and others 2001) of ascorbic acid with chlorine is shown below:

C₅H₅O₅CH₂OH + HOCL → C₅H₃O₅CH₂OH + HCl + H₂O

Ascorbic acid + Hypochlorous acid → Dehydroascorbic acid + Hydrochloric acid + water

Approximately 2.5 parts of ascorbic acid are required for neutralizing 1 part chlorine. Since ascorbic acid is weakly acidic, the pH of the treated water may decrease slightly in low alkaline waters.

Sodium Ascorbate
Sodium ascorbate will also neutralize chlorine. It is pH neutral and will not change the pH of the treated water. Sodium ascorbate is preferable for neutralizing high concentrations of chlorine. If a large amount of treated water is going to be discharged to a small stream, the pH of the treated water and the stream should be within 0.2 to 0.5 units of the receiving stream.

The reaction (Tikkanen and others 2001) of sodium ascorbate with chlorine is shown below:

C₅H₅O₅CH₂ONa + HOCL → C₅H₃O₅CH₂OH + NaCl + H₂O

Sodium ascorbate + Hypochlorous acid → Dehydroascorbic acid + Sodium chloride + water

Approximately 2.8 parts of sodium ascorbate are required to neutralize 1 part chlorine. When vitamin C is oxidized, a weak acid called dehydroascorbic acid forms.

Several studies have evaluated the use of ascorbic acid and sodium ascorbate to neutralize low levels of chlorine�less than 2 milligrams per liter. Only one study (Tacoma Water Utility Report) evaluated the use of ascorbic acid to neutralize high levels of chlorine�up to 100 milligrams per liter. The Tacoma, WA, Water Utility Engineer recommends against using ascorbic acid to neutralize high levels of chlorine in large volumes of water because it lowers the pH of the treated water. The Tacoma Water Utility engineer recommends using sodium ascorbate instead.

The San Dimas Technology and Development Center project leader set up a small experiment to evaluate water changes during the use of sodium ascorbate or ascorbic acid to neutralize a strong chlorine solution (figure 2). The experiment consisted of:

� Making a strong chlorine solution (approximately 50 milligrams per liter chlorine).

� Neutralizing the chlorine solution with either ascorbic acid or sodium ascorbate.

� Monitoring pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, total chlorine, and free chlorine after each step.

 

Figure 2—Ascorbic acid is used to neutralize chlorine.

Tables 1 and 2 show the results.

Both ascorbic acid and sodium ascorbate lowered the dissolved oxygen level of the treated water at this dose, as tables 1 and 2 show. The sodium ascorbate also affected the pH level, although not as much as with ascorbic acid. The project leader put a submersible pump in the aquarium treated with sodium ascorbate to raise the dissolved oxygen level and put mosquito fish Gambusia affinis in the tank. The fish remained alive and in no distress after 24 hours (see figure 3).

Aquaculture and aquarium hobbyists use vitamin C in water to help keep fish healthy. They use levels up to 50 milligrams per liter of vitamin C to treat wounds in aquarium and farm-raised fish.

Figure 3 —Gambusia affinis swim in fish tank treated with vitamin C.

CONCLUSION
Vitamin C effectively neutralizes chlorine and is safer to handle than sulfur-based dechlorination chemicals. The sodium ascorbate form of vitamin C has less affect on pH than the ascorbic acid form. When neutralizing a strong chlorine solution, both forms of vitamin C will lower slightly the dissolved oxygen of the treated water. If passive dechlorination is not practical, we recommend a form of vitamin C.

REFERENCES
Environmental Protection Agency. 2000. Wastewater Fact Sheet. Dechlorination. EPA 832-F-00-022. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Hall, L.W., Jr.; Burton, D. R.; Graves, W.C.; and Margery, S.L. 1992. Environmental Science and Technology. 15:573-78.

Hill, M. 2003. Dechlorination � Vitamin C. Welcome, NC: North Carolina Rural Water Association.

Rein, D.A.; Jamesson, G.M.; and Montheith, R.A.1992. In: Water Environment Federation 65th Annual Conference and Exposition. Alexandria, VA: Water Environment Federation. pp 461-71.

Tikkanen, M.W.; Schroeter, J. H.; Leong, L.Y.C.; Ganesh, R. 2001. Guidance Manual For the Disposal of Chlorinated Water. AWWA Research Foundation Report 90863. Denver, CO: American Water Works Association.

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Electronic copies of SDTDC's publications are available on the Internet at: http://www.fs.fed.us/eng/pubs/

For Additional Information about using vitamin C to treat water, contact Brenda Land at SDTDC.
Phone 909-599-1267 ext. 219
FAX: 909-592-2309
E-mail: bland@fs.fed.us

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